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Planetary Science. This material (including images) is copyrighted! See my copyright notice for fair use. Select the photographs to display the original source in another window.

Links to external sites will be displayed in another window. Terrestrial planets have hard surfaces that can be re- shaped by several different processes: impact cratering, volcanism, erosion, and tectonics.

Impact Cratering. There are still small chunks of rock orbiting the Sun left over from the formation of the solar system. Some of them have orbits that cross the orbits of the planets and moons. When they get close enough to a planet or moon, they will be pulled in by the large body's gravity and strike the surface at a speed of at least the escape velocity of the planet or moon, i.

At such speeds, the projecticle explodes on impact and carves out a round bowl- shaped depression on the surface. This process is impact cratering. How can you distinguish an impact crater from a volcanic crater? Volcano craters are above the surrounding area on mountaintops while the. The. craters on all of the moons except Io, Mercury, and most of the ones on. Mars are from impacts. The kinetic energy of the impacting meteorite or.

On June 3, 2017, Honnold became the first person to ever ascend El Capitan, the 3,000-foot granite wall in Yosemite National Park, without the use of ropes, a harness. · OS X 10.10.2 Wi-Fi Issues Continue for Some Mac Users. Same problem for me with a Macbook Retina with Yosemite. Genius Bar at Apple Shop suggested I. Extreme athlete Dean Potter and a friend have died after attempting a night time BASE jump in the Yosemite National Park. The legendary thrill-seeker, 43, and Graham. The first frame of a 3D movie flyover of Tycho Crater on the Moon as seen by Kaguya. Tycho is 85 kilometers wide. It displays the classic terraced crater walls and. A perennial list of favorite Yosemite Sam quotes & wisecracks, predominantly aimed in defiance toward his arch nemesis. Bugs Bunny. Hi Bill: Just wondering and wanting to understand the Yosemite RIM Fire. As I see it burn across HWY 120 West of Groveland, it appears to have taken a turn on the.

The explosion is what carves out the crater. See. the "Not Round". THEMIS site for what. The. rock on the surface of the planet or moon is bent backward, upward, and. Watch Fix Online Mic. Large craters will have a central peak formed by the rock. The size of the craters having central peaks depends on the gravity. Moon craters larger than about 6.

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Earth needs. to be larger than just 1 to 3 kilometers. Impact cratering was especially prevalent for the first several hundred million years after the planets formed as the planets swept up left- over material.

The last stage of that "sweeping up", called the late heavy bombardment, occurred from about 4. Impacts as large as the one that led to the demise of the dinosaurs in much more recent history were happening about once a month. Most of the impact basins- -- craters measured in hundreds of kilometers- -- were made during this time. It is noteworthy that about the time the heavy bombardment ended, life took hold. The oldest fossil evidence of ancient organisms dates back to 3.

The number of craters per unit area on a surface can be used to determine. The longer the surface. If you know how. frequently craters of a given size are created on a planet or moon, you can. This assumes, of course. The heavy bombardment of about 3. For example, the. Moon have ten times the number of craters as the.

At a minimum crater- age dating can tell you the relative ages of surfaces (which surface is older than another). Careful studies of how the craters overlap other craters. All bodies with hard surfaces have impact craters.

Worlds with less volcanism or erosion or tectonic activity in their history will retain more impact craters since the planet formed. Worlds with more geological or erosional. Earth has over 1. Meteor Crater in northern Arizona being one great, well- preserved example. Even Venus with its thick atmosphere has impact craters, though they all have diameters measured in kilometers because smaller projecticles burn up in its atmosphere.

The first frame of a 3. D movie flyover of Tycho Crater on the Moon as seen by Kaguya. Tycho is 8. 5 kilometers wide. It displays the classic terraced crater walls and central peak of a complex crater. Select the image to go to the Selene website for a great flyover of the crater.

LPI website with movie link. Victoria Crater on Mars as seen by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Victoria is 8. 00 meters in diameter. It is a simple crater that has been partially filled in with sand- -- note the sand dunes on its floor. If you download the full- resolution version of this picture from the link on the picture, you will be able to see the rover, Opportunity next to the top left crater rim. Cunitz Crater is the 4.

D perspective view of Eistla Regio on Venus as seen by Magellan. In the distance is the 3- km high volcano Gula Mons. Watch Center Stage: On Pointe Online Mic.

Volcanism. Volcanism is any eruption of molten lava onto the surface. The molten rock has a lower density than solid rock so it rises. Also the pressure from the surrounding solid rock squeezes the molten rock upward. Molten rock contains trapped gases that expand as it rises causing it to rise even faster. The structures that result from erupting lava depend on the thickness and density of the lava.

Very thick, low- density lava can make steep- sided stratovolcanoes (also called composite volcanoes) like the Cascade volcanoes in Oregon and Washington and Mt Fuji in Japan. The lava does not flow as far as the other two types, so their diameters are not as great as the other types. They are common on the Earth.

The "pancake domes" on Venus may be considered a type of stratovolcano but their shapes are much more cylindrical without a peak. Mt Shasta is near the southern end of the Cascade Range of volcanoes. Mauna Loa is a shield volcano on the Island of Hawaii. It is the largest volcano on the Earth.

Note the much gentler slope than what Mt Shasta has. This picture was taken from a much greater distance than the Mt Shasta picture above. If the lava is made of thinner, higher density material called basalt, the volcanoes will be much wider in diameter. Thicker basalt will make shield volcanoes like the Hawaiian volcanoes, Sif Mons on Venus, and Olympus Mons on Mars. These types of volcanoes are found throughout the solar system. Besides being very wide in diameter, shield volcanoes can also be very tall- -- from its base below the ocean surface to its peak, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are taller than Mt Everest.

Olympus Mons is about three times taller than Mt Everest (2. Texas (about 6. 00 km in diameter).

Medicine Lake Volcano profile along the horizon line (has several vents along its side to make the knobby appearance). Although the stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes) in the Cascade volcanic arc get most of the attention because of their vertical height and spectacular appearance, shield volcanoes make up the great majority of the volume of the Cascade volcanic arc. The image below compares Mt Shasta with Medicine Lake Volcano. Both volcanoes in northern California are part of the Cascade volcanic arc. Models are in the exhibits at Lava Beds National Monument.) Many other shield volcanoes are smaller than Mt Shasta. The thinnest, runniest basalt will make lava plains that can re- shape the surface by covering up things. Lava plains are found here and elsewhere in the solar system.

For example, large lava flows covered up most of modern- day eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon with a layer more than 1. The dark mare on the Moon are basalt lava plains that filled in giant impact basins approximately 3. Mercury has lava plains formed after the late heavy bombardment when it was still geologically active. Much of Venus is covered in lava plains.

Volcanism also adds gases to a planet's atmosphere either explosively during a volcanic eruption such as Mt St Helens in Washington or Mt Pinatubo in the Philipines, or more quietly as in the volcanic vents in Hawaii and Yellowstone in Wyoming (Yellowstone pictures link). This outgassing is what created the terrestrial planets current atmospheres (Earth's has undergone further significant processing through the action of life). See the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program website for more about the Earth's volcanoes. Erosion. Erosion is the breaking down or building up of geological structures and transporting of material (rock for our purposes here) by ice, liquid, or wind.

Water ice in the form of glaciers carves out bowl- shaped valleys such as Yosemite in California and those in Glacier National Park in Montana. Glacial moraines form from gravel transported by glaciers.

The gravel comes from the glacier scraping rock and it gathers along the side (lateral moraine) and front (terminal moraine) of the glacier.